The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Leadership Practices Research Paper

The Influence of Demographic Characteristics on Leadership Practices in the Hotel Industry - Research Paper Example The widespread globalization of the universal market has caused huge development in the decent variety of worker socioeconomics. So as to stay aware of the developing requests for quality and advancement, numerous associations have figured new administration styles that advance relationship among the workforce (Gould, 2008). With the point of deciding appropriate administration styles, different examinations have been directed on worker socioeconomics and how it influences the presentation of an association (Tannenbaum and Schmidt, 2009). There are a few administration styles that have its points of interest and impediments. Such administration styles address explicit focal points inside the workforce. Nonetheless, better comprehension must be earned so as to appropriately force the executives programs that best suits the requirements of an organization and its subordinates. Besides, it is important to see how to take out or if nothing else limit the negative impacts of social contrasts inside the workforce through legitimate administration procedures. The impacts of social contrasts among the workforce have made associations endure as far as execution. Segregation has additionally risen up out of such developing representative assorted variety (Appleby, 2007). It has become a need for associations to react to such issues through powerful administration programs (Sfodera, 2006). In addition, the consequences of this examination would be of incredible incentive to lodging the board officials, empowering them to settle on better choices in their administration rehearses. Basically, the administration is the center to the effective exhibition of an association (Tannenbaum and Schmidt, 2009). ... Exploration Objectives 1) To decide inn employees’ impression of the authority styles rehearsed inside their association; 2) To find out whether segment characteristics impact initiative style discernments a) sex b) age c) nationality d) instructive achievement; 3) To advance proposals for improving administration rehearses inside the inn. Audit of Related Literature Management Styles In the wide sense, the executives styles are the way and procedures of taking care of subordinates and settling on choices with them. There are different administration styles that fit well specifically conditions (Tannenbaum and Schmidt, 2009). In addition, directors ought to force diverse administration styles so as to make up for the shortcomings of each method. Among the normal administration styles are Autocratic, Paternalistic, Democratic, Laissez-Faire, and Management by Walking Around (MBWA) Autocratic The Autocratic style is the place a chief settles on one-sided choices without giving a lot of thought for the subordinates. This outcomes to choices and results that mirror the character and assessment of the supervisor. Such administration style extends a sure, organized and very much oversaw business. In any case, the subordinates may wind up getting excessively reliant on the supervisor; along these lines, requiring more oversight (Hurley, 2010). Absolutist pioneers could be additionally arranged into two kinds: the Directive Autocrat; and the Permissive Autocrat (Tannenbaum and Schmidt, 2009). The Directive Autocrat settles on choices singularly while giving a lot of consideration and close oversight of the subordinates. Then again, the Permissive Autocrat settles on one-sided choices while being progressively indulgent on the subordinates, which empowers them to

Cameron Auto Parts Case Study Essay Example For Students

Cameron Auto Parts Case Study Essay The primary buyers were the Big Three car producers and the organization succeeded in this new business condition In 2000, issues began to happen in the organization _ First, a subsequent drop of the deals of over half occurred. Second, the Japanese were incredible contenders and made the most of the market openings in Canada. Alex took the control in 2001 so as to actualize a procedure of modernization of the organization. His activity endurance comprises Of cutting the creation costs by being increasingly immersed on the workforce (predominantly lay-offs). In spite of the fact that is it hard to deal with a money related issue, Cameron confronted genuine holes in this capacity. In 2003, the circumstance of Alex familial organization is balanced out, regardless of whether there is a need to put resources into another plant. As Cameron was not monetarily prepared to gain such a ground, the primary alternative was, toward one side, to pause and produce more benefits prompting progressively monetary steadiness through fares. On the opposite end, the organization can decide to permit the creation of the adaptable coupling with McGrath, For this situation, Cameron is the licensor and McGrath, the licensee. The control shares licenses, copyrights or trademarks and receives sovereignty expenses consequently. In 2004, Alex marked a five years authorizing concurrence with McGrath. Following this understanding, McGrath needed to pay $100,000 charge ahead of time so as to help Cameron to recoup and a sovereignty of 3% on the first $1 million of deals and 2% on the second on the off chance that McGrath arrived at a more significant level of innovation, it would likewise have the commitment to share in any event one of them with Cameron. Alex understood that the plant can't bear the cost of the two frameworks on the grounds that the expenses of extending the action were too high and required such a large number of the companys assets. Also, the companys money related circumstance couldn't allow Cameron to actualize a plant development. The potential in the European market is an incredible method to grow a business in spite of the fact that the way of life is extraordinary. It is hard to adjust a North American business framework to an European framework. Sending out to the European market implies that the normal European client should pay the worldwide charges (around 20 percent more than North Americans due to charges). By allowing McGrath a permit, Alex guarantees a speedy and limit the dangers while infiltrating the U. K ND European markets. In spite of the fact that there are numerous preferences while authorizing, there are different outcomes, for example, sharing benefits, yet additionally information, thus Cameramans protected innovation, The upsides of permitting McGrath are various. The low speculation costs, decreased budgetary dangers, and economies of degree are fascinating while actualizing an activitys development. Cameron is worried about its money related circumstance and permitting gives them a higher security. It is a snappy market passage with a limited danger of lackluster showing from the licensee, McGrath, which s as of now and straightforwardly running tasks in the LLC. K. Despite what might be expected, the danger of picture misfortune, the separation between the two nations prompting correspondence misfortunes, the absence of income, and the common benefits are a few drawbacks to consider while actualizing a permit technique. Sending out likewise has its favorable circumstances and weaknesses. To start with, it gives freedom, a higher power over the quality last items. Economies of scale, and a higher, non-shared benefit. For this situation, inconveniences are various. The absence of limit of Cameron limits its capacity to extend its business through games. Also, the distinctive money speaks to a hazard as monetary standards esteem shifts extraordinarily on the present moment. There are likewise high speculation costs, a constrained information on the U. K. Furthermore, European market, the expenses of transportation and the exchange boundaries. Considering the companys budgetary circumstance, the expenses and dangers of entering another market, we imagine that Alex should permit McGrath. Obviously McGrath is the ideal colleague. This organization claims all the apparatuses important to solidly deliver and sell the adaptable couplings. .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 , .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 .postImageUrl , .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 , .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44:hover , .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44:visited , .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44:active { border:0!important; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44:active , .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u 19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u19098b18fe300679ce69108e9b554e44:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: 10 page update on The Netherlands EssayThey can ell the item quick and assemble a solid and feasible relationship with Cameron. McGrath is knowledgeable about this business and Cameron can profit by it to expand creation limits They have a strong notoriety and an extraordinary budgetary circumstance. The business people are included concerning the showcasing and selling Of the items. They have high assembling limits and are happy to contribute and build up the assembling ability to proficiently deliver the adaptable couplings. Moreover, their customer base is fundamental. Permitting McGrath is the best decision Cam eron can do to improve its circumstance.

10 Body Language Mistakes You Might Be Making

10 Body Language Mistakes You Might Be Making September 18, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children If you suffer from social anxiety disorder (SAD), chances are that you tend to adopt a closed style of body language. This means that the way you carry yourself tells others that you want to be left alone. It also means that you look anxious and nervous in social situations. Even though it can be tough to change what might feel like natural body positions, changing your body language to appear more open will send a better message to those around you.  Eventually, with time, this new style will take less effort; you might even start to feel less anxious as a result. Below are body language mistakes that you might be making right nowâ€"and tips on how to fix them. Slouching Stop and look at how you are sitting or standing right now.  Are you slouched over or upright? Are your shoulders down with arms comfortably at your sides, or are you scrunched up, trying to take up as little space as possible?   Looking Down   When you slouch, you probably also look down. Maybe you look down when you walk, when you meet someone, or during conversation. Looking down tells others that you are anxious or have something to hide. Weak Handshake When first meeting new acquaintances do you offer a firm handshake or a limp noodle? That limp noodle is doing you more harm than good, even though it might feel like your natural way to shake hands.   Faking a Smile   Are your smiles genuine? Others will be able to tell if you are faking a smile because only your mouth will be involved. Angling Your Body Away People with SAD value their personal space; if someone gets too close it can feel like you are being invaded. At the same time, it is important to watch how you angle your body when with others. Facing slightly away from someone sends the message that you are not interested.   Avoiding Eye Contact Although it can be tempting to look down or away when someone talks to you, avoiding eye contact indicates disinterest. Practice looking into other peoples eyes about 60% of the time; any amount greater than this will start to appear like staring.   Folding Your Arms Whether you are doing it because you are cold, anxious, or simply more comfortable that way, crossing your arms in front of you sends the message for other people to stay away. Dont do it. Fidgeting Do you fidget with your hair, your pen, or your clothes? Stop fidgeting and you will appear more confident and less anxious. Fidgeting also makes it hard for others to concentrate on what you are saying, especially if you are giving a presentation. Blocking Blocking involves placing objects between you and another person to make you feel more safe. For example, you might block with a book, your computer, or other electronic device. Remove the objects to make the other person feel more connected to you. Distractions Although you might feel less anxious if you can take a brief pause from your conversation to check an email or send a text message, doing so tells the other person that you dont value the interaction. Stay focused on the person you are with as much as possible; if you must multi-task, apologize first and get it done quickly. How to Improve Your Body Language Finally, here are some tips to help you win the body language game. Stand Up Straight.  If your tendency is to slouch, try picturing an imaginary string attached to the top of your head and the ceiling. Let that image pull your head upward and your body out of the slouched position. You should immediately feel more confident. Make Eye Contact.  If looking others in the eye feels too hard, try looking at a spot between their eyes. Theyll never know. Give a Strong Handshake.  Practice a firm handshake that shows you have confidence and are sure of yourself. Smile for Real.  With a real smile, the upper part of your face changes as well... your eyes scrunch up a little and you get crows feet. Try to stop and think about why you are smiling and whether you really mean it. Lean In.  Leaning in shows openness and attention. 10 Ways to Have More Confident Body Language

Introduction. Ruth Ann Is A Veteran Pre-Algebra Teacher

Introduction Ruth Ann is a veteran pre-algebra teacher challenged by her unmotivated students at Middle City Middle School. Maya, the staff development and instruction consultant with seven-year teaching experience, accepted Ruth Ann’s request to provide immediate assistance with professional instructional intervention. The challenges, reflective assessment of the instructional intervention, anticipated outcomes, and the evaluation will be discussed in this case analysis. Challenges In this case, both Ruth Ann and Maya found the students’ in-class disruptive behaviours, unmotivated attitudes towards math, and lack of basic math skills are the challenges for teaching struggling grade seven students pre-algebra (Orrill Hill, 2013).†¦show more content†¦Also, Maya listened carefully and did a relatively thorough research on the essential contextual factors such as learner profile, learning culture, learner role perception and instructor role perception (Tessmer Richey, 1997). In this case, the traditional talking in front of the classroom teaching style does not match what students’ perspective of learning (Orrill Hill, 2013). Maya should ask both students and Ruth Ann to clarify their views of knowledge during data collection procedure in order to develop the effective instructional plan for Ruth Ann. Considering previous teacher-centered teaching style has failed in practice (Orrill Hill, 2013) and the problem existed in instructor role perception (Tessmer Richey, 1997), the learner-centered constructivist approach will be adopted in this instructional intervention. To satisfy Ruth Ann’s request of addressing the deficiency of students’ math skills and integrating real world problems in laboratory classroom setting(Orrill Hill, 2013), Maya should interview more teachers and students and visit more schools in the same school districts and city. She could also conduct more research from literature or online resources to gather both successful and un successful examples, suggesting some possible solutions regarding integrating authentic problem-solving activities in teaching as well as addressing the gap between theShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManagement—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating

Highly Successful Parent Teacher Communication

One of the most beneficial aspects of teaching is building positive relationships with parents. Effective parent-teacher communication is essential for a teacher to be successful. A good relationship between parents and a teacher is invaluable towards maximizing the time that the teacher has with that student. A student who knows that the teacher communicates on a regular basis with their parents and who knows that their parents trust the teacher will likely put more effort into school. Likewise, a student who knows that the teacher rarely or never communicates with their parents and/or their parents do not trust the teacher will often pit the two against each other. That is counterproductive and will create problems for the teacher and ultimately issues for the student as well. Many teachers underestimate the value of building relationships with their students’ parents. Parents can be your best friends, and they can be your worst enemy. It is hard work for a teacher to build trusting cooperative relationships, but it will be well worth all the effort in the long run. The following five tips can help teachers build solid relationships with the parents of the students they serve. Build Their Trust Building a parent’s trust is often a gradual process. First of all, parents need to ensure that you have their child’s best interest at heart. Proving this to some parents can be challenging, but it isn’t impossible. The first step to building their trust is simply letting them know you on a more personal level. There are obviously personal details that you don’t want to give to parents, but don’t be afraid to talk casually with them about hobbies or interest outside of school. If a parent has a similar interest, then milk that for all its worth. If a parent can relate to you, then the communication and trust between you will likely be solid. Don’t be afraid to go the extra mile to help a student. This can win trust and respect faster than anything. Something as simple as a personal call to check on a student who has missed a few days due to illness will stand out in a parent’s mind. Opportunities like this present themselves from time to time. Don’t waste those opportunities. Finally, allow them to see you’re a terrific teacher with their child’s best interest in mind. Demand respect from your students and push them to succeed, but be flexible, understanding, and caring in the process. Parents who care about education will trust you if they see these things. Listen to Them There may be times that a parent has a question or concern about something. The worst thing you can do in this case is to be defensive. Being defensive makes it seem as though you have something to hide. Instead of being defensive listen to everything they have to say before you react. If they have a valid concern, assure them that you will take care of it. If you made a mistake, admit it, apologize for it, and tell them how you plan to remedy it. Most of the time a parent’s questions or concerns come down to miscommunication or misconceptions. Don’t be afraid to clear up any issues, but do so in a tone that is calm and in a manner which is professional. Listening to them is just as powerful as explaining your side. You will find more times than not that the frustration is not with you, but instead with their child and that they simply need to vent. Communicate Often Effective communication can be time-consuming, but it is crucial. There are many ways to communicate these days. Notes, newsletters, daily folders, phone calls, emails, visitations, open room nights, class web pages, postcards, and parent-teacher conferences are some of the most popular means in which to communicate. An effective teacher will likely use several means over the course of the year. Good teachers communicate frequently. If a parent hears it from you, there is a lesser chance of something getting misinterpreted in the process. An important thing to note is that most parents get sick of only hearing unpleasant news about their child. Pick three to four students per week and contact their parents with something positive. Try not to include anything negative in these types of communications. When you do have to contact a parent for something negative like a discipline issue, try to end the conversation on a positive note. Document Every Communication The importance of documenting cannot be underscored. It doesn’t have to be anything in depth. It needs to include the date, parent/student name, and a brief summary. You may never need it, but if you do, it will be well worth the time. No matter how strong of a teacher you are, you will not always make everyone happy. Documenting is invaluable. For example, a parent may not be happy about a decision you have made to retain their child. This is a process that often spans the course of the year. A parent could claim that you never talked to them about it, but if you have it documented that you did four times throughout the year, the parent has no basis for their claim. Fake It When Necessary The reality is that you are not always going to get along or like every parent of every child that you teach. There will be personality conflicts, and sometimes you just don’t have any similar interest. However, you have a job to do and avoiding a parent is ultimately not what is best for that child. Sometimes you will have to grin and bear it. While you may not like being fake, building some sort of positive relationship with their parent will be beneficial to the student.  If you try hard enough, you can find some kind of common ground with just about anyone.  If it benefits the student, you must be willing to go the extra mile even it is uncomfortable at times.

Twelfth Night Coursework Assignment Free Essays

string(156) " Olivia uses deception to further her cause with Cesario and it is made inherent to him that she has fallen in love with his outward, disguised appearance\." 5. â€Å"Conceal what I am† Explore the theme of disguise and deception in â€Å"Twelfth Night† William Shakespeare’s ‘Twelfth Night’ is based around disguise in the form of deception. In ‘Twelfth Night’, disguise takes many different shapes from physical to mental disguise. We will write a custom essay sample on Twelfth Night Coursework Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the major themes of ‘Twelfth Night’ is also misperception and deception. Yet, paradoxically along the way there are many problems, deceptions and illusions, providing a comment on human behaviour and creating comedy. In ‘Twelfth Night’, Shakespeare explores and illustrates the theme of deception and disguise with precise detail. In ‘Twelfth Night’, it is evident that the fluctuation in attitude to the dual role and situation and tribulations imposed upon the character of Viola ends up in a better understanding of both sexes, and thus, allows Viola to have a better understanding for Orsino. â€Å"Stand you awhile aloof. Cesario, Thou know’st no less but all; I have unclasp’d To thee the book even of my secret soul.† Here it is apparent that after very little time Viola has won the trust of Orsino through her disguise and he seems to have decided that he can divulge more in Viola than in anyone else. She decides to take on this identity because she has more liberty in society in her Cesario mask, which is obvious when Orsino readily accepts her. Orsino confides in Cesario the most intimate feelings of his ‘secret soul’ and grows accustomed to Cesario very quickly, whereas, in her female identity, it is clear that she would not enjoy such freedom. I also think this is significant, as Shakespeare is conveying the impression that because Viola has disguised herself as a ‘eunuch’ she has more autonomy and less constraints; I think Shakespeare’s underlying and implicit message is that sometimes it is beneficial for women to dress as men to achieve freedom; therefore assuming a disguise is necessary. The theme of deception is also evident immediately in the play. A supposedly ‘noble’ Duke Orsino is suffering due to his unrequited ‘love’ for the Lady Olivia. † If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die.† There is a touch of unreality and deception here about Orsino’s distress, as if he unconsciously enjoying the situation he is in and so the audience is left to deduce whether or not Orsino is in self-deception. Shakespeare hints here that Orsino’s love for Olivia is a hyperbolic, abstract love and one of self-indulgence as it is ‘high-fantastical’ and so he encourages the audience to look more intimately and interpret Orsino’s ‘spirit of love’ as one of self-delusion. Orsino constantly reiterates how immense his ‘love’ is for Olivia, but it is easily seen as empty rhetoric. He is infatuated with the notion of love, and himself as the great, contemporary lover rather like Romeo from Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’. Deception plays a role here because it is clear Orsino’s conception of himself is misplaced and so he is self-deceiving and also this highlights his egotistical nature. Shakespeare also uses iambic pentameter here and this defines Orsino’s character to a certain degree. Iambic pentameter shows control and yet the emphasis here is on the instability and the intensity of his love for Olivia. This leads us to believe he is ‘in love with the notion of being in love’. This oration by Orsino also tells us something about his character and mood: he is in love, but this does not bring him happiness, rather a profound melancholy. His speech then turns to images of disease and death and it is excessively evident here that Orsino is misleading himself. ‘Excess†¦surfeiting†¦sicken†¦die†¦dying’ Orsino, here, has dramatised his passion and love for Olivia so much that he thinks he will die if she does not love him. It is clear he is deceiving himself and his situation can be interpreted as him being preoccupied with the sensation of love itself, feeding his emotions with music and elaborate poetic imagery. Shakespeare conveys Orsino’s ‘love-thoughts’ emotions for Olivia as passive, self-regarding and melancholic and Orsino as unrepresentative of his veritable feelings. Shakespeare invites the audience to interpret Orsino’s ‘love-thoughts’, which ‘pursue’ him as artificial ones because of the way Orsino is portrayed. â€Å"Be not amaz’d; right noble is his blood. If this be so, as yet the glass seems true, I shall have share in this most happy wreck.† Orsino here demonstrates a rapid detachment from Olivia and instead switches his attentions to Viola. This extremely quick change of ‘love’ from Olivia to Viola confirms his superficiality and self-deceit. The theme of disguise and deception is again present in the next scene where Olivia is in passionate mourning for her brother who ‘shortly died’. However, it is also clear that Olivia herself is in self-deceit. Her way of mourning involves her hiding behind a veil or disguising herself from the truth and refusing male company which is illustrated when she says like a ‘cloistress’ she will ‘veiled walk’ around with ‘eye-offending brine’. The mourning over her brother’s death is very dramatic, but she just lives the idea of mourning as she feels that this would do the death of her brother justice. She attempts to disguise all this under a veil, but to no triumph as her genuine personality shone through. Olivia as part of her mourning vowed that no man would see her face â€Å"till seven years’ heat†. But regardless of this, falls in love with Cesario which shows that her resolution is short-lived and the audience is left to question her sincerity. â€Å"Unless, perchance, you come to me again To tell me how he takes it†. Olivia is disguising her flirtatiousness towards Cesario by pretending that she only wants him to come back to bear news of Orsino’s reaction to her rejection. To further disguise her feelings, and deceive Malvolio, she tells a blatant lie to him, pretending Cesario left a ‘ring behind him’. â€Å"She returns this ring to you, sir; you might have saved Me my pains, to have taken it away yourself.† Olivia uses deception to further her cause with Cesario and it is made inherent to him that she has fallen in love with his outward, disguised appearance. Also deception features here as, ironically, Olivia’s advance is just as deceitful as Viola’s mere presence. It is clear to the audience that Olivia is deluding herself that she will be in deep mourning for her brother for ‘seven years’. Her first appearance, which ends with her falling for the disguised Viola, shows the shallowness of her real feelings of anguish. When Olivia, who is taken in by Cesario’s ‘youth’s perfections’, falls in love with Cesario she instantaneously forgets about mourning. Olivia’s elaborate, grief-stricken gestures towards her dead brother are examples of dramatised and overly exaggerated displays of emotion. Her grief may well be genuine but her extravagant vow to mourn him for ‘seven years’, sprinkling her chamber with tears and wearing a veil are quite simply empty gestures. On closer inspection one can also infer that Olivia is perhaps using her brothers death to conceal her aspirations for Cesario to remain close to her. â€Å"I bade you never speak again of him; But, would you undertake another suit, I had rather hear you than solicit that Than music from the spheres.† It is made explicit to Cesario that she wants to be courted by him, which is comical to the audience as they know about Cesario’s masquerade, and this is another example of the way Cesario deceives through disguise. Olivia has just lost her family, but her display of sorrow is very theatrical and self-deluding and seems to be full of barren gestures which say nothing about her true grief but merely disguise her true feelings and serve to self-deceive. Another character that is guilty of self-deception is Olivia’s servant Malvolio. A scene, which prepares us for dramatic irony, is when Maria writes the letter to Malvolio, under the pretence that it is from Olivia. As the audience is aware of this deception it sets up the dramatic irony, because Malvolio himself is not aware of it when he finds and reads the letter. Malvolio in his conceited role presents the possibilities of a very bland and critical existence, however when drugged with the mere possibilities of conceit, believing himself superior to others, he becomes the most absurd of all the characters and he reveals to us his disguised feelings. â€Å"Go, hang yourselves all! You are idle shallow things; I am not of your element; you shall know more hereafter.† Malvolio has extreme ambitions and aspirations to advance in social class by marrying Olivia which the audience can clearly interpret as self-delusional. Maria’s letter is only able to convince him that Olivia loves him because that is what he wants to believe. When the letter tells him to act proud and haughty, it only gives him permission to show how he already feels, as it appeals to his vanity. This trick would not have worked if the letter had not been disguised as Olivia’s, however, it is also important to include that Malvolio’s disguised feelings and self-deception convince him of its authenticity. It is his capacity for self-deception and it is really Malvolio’s ‘self-love’ which makes him easy to trick. Malvolio is also in disguise in the class system. He dresses in black and never laughs. â€Å"My masters, are you mad? Or what are you? Have you no wit, manners or honesty,† This however, is merely a disguise that he assumes, that allows him to criticize others. Under this disguise Malvolio is full of self-importance he is also self-absorbed and extremely vain. He conceals his ‘puritan’ personality during this ‘gulling’ episode and puts on ‘yellow stockings’ and behaves uncharacteristically boldly. When he is on his own he reveals he often daydreams of ruling a thrifty and solemn household while he plays with ‘some rich jewel’, and that Olivia will marry him and as a result he will become ‘Count Malvolio’ her equal. This shows his embedded self-deception. It is also ironic that Malvolio is more successful at fooling himself than he is at deceiving others. Malvolio is sure that some accident of luck has caused a man as fine as him to be born a servant rather than a master and that fortune will eventually correct that mistake. â€Å"all that look on him love him.† This reveals his arrogant nature and the fact that he is self-deceiving. Self-love is evident in many characters of the play, however, Malvolio’s self-love combined with his instinct for social climbing makes it more obtrusive. To conclude, Malvolio is self-deceived before he is deceived. Shakespeare makes this clear by exhibiting Malvolio’s vain glory just before he finds the forged letter: ‘To be Count Malvolio!’. The physical disguise in ‘Twelfth Night’ brings to light those who have mental illusions as to who they are. Malvolio for example considers himself to be respected and is the first person to call other characters a ‘fool’ when in fact the audience think of him as a fool. Deception and disguise also play a major role in the characters of Maria, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew. Sir Toby often persuades Andrew to give him money or buy him drinks in return for allowing him access to Olivia, in order to court/woo her. â€Å"Send for money, knight; if thou hast her not i’ th’ end, call me Cut.† Andrew does not realise that Sir Toby is fooling him and using him to pay for his entertainment and so deception plays a part here because Sir Toby is deliberately deceiving and deluding Sir Andrew to exploit him. It can also be argued that Sir Andrew is self-deceiving because he actually thinks that the rouge Sir Toby is his genuine friend, however, it is clear to the audience that his friendship with Sir Toby is feigned. However, it is also clear that if Sir Toby did not encourage and prompt him, he would never have aspired. ‘No faith, I’ll not stay a jot longer.’ This is important because it shows that although Sir Andrew is deceived, and foolish, he is not self-deceived. This also proves that although he is foolish enough to dream of Olivia’s hand, he is scarcely hopeful which shows that, unlike Malvolio, he has a greater sense of reality and does not delude himself or disguise that he knows Olivia does not love him. Another form of disguise, Shakespeare’s use of masks in the play, also contributes much to the disguise and deception in the play. These masks put characters in a form of ‘darkness of night,’ allowing them to become someone else. Shakespeare uses masking imagery throughout the play. The perfect example of this can be seen in Feste the jester. Feste demonstrates masking imagery when he disguises himself as ‘Sir Topas’ and is sent to judge Malvolio’s state of mind. â€Å"Sir Topas, never was man thus wronged. Good Sir Topas, do not think I am mad: they have laid me Here in hideous darkness.† By adopting this disguise, Feste is able to expose Malvolio’s self-conceit and other faults and therefore he successfully reveals Malvolio’s hidden feelings by disguising himself. Also Feste, in the guise of the Fool, comes out with wise and intellectual comments contrary to his role. Although characters wear masks, their true identities are always revealed. I interpret this as Shakespeare alluding to the fact that all disguises can be exposed. This statement is reinforced when Feste says: ‘Eyes show the days’. Feste is able to penetrate all the masks of the others, and he succeeds in concealing his own which makes him a master and professional of disguise. Feste is an ‘allowed fool’ a professional jester who has to be quick witted and clever to make jokes and puns. He is not expected to be idiotic or simple-minded. Viola, in her disguise as Cesario, is able to talk to her lover in a way that she could not do as a woman; she takes advantage of this situation and schools Orsino on the realities of love. â€Å"She never told her love,†¦.. Feed on her damask cheek.† Here Viola counters Orsino’s narcissism with her own sad story of concealed love. Shakespeare accentuates Orsino’s exaggerated, excessive idea of love, by showing alongside it the genuine love felt by Viola and therefore Orsino’s speech is undermined, as what he said is ironic. So, although Viola is disguising her feelings for Orsino, she does not deceive him and unreservedly hints that she has suppressed feelings for him. Sebastian’s relationship with Antonio is one of disguise because Antonio implicitly reveals his ‘love’ for Sebastian but deceives him and perhaps self-deceives as being just friendship, as one can conjecture that he is gay. â€Å"If you will not murder me for your love, let me be your servant†. This suggests that Antonio has repressed homosexual feelings for Sebastian that he disguises by pretending to only be his close friend. The play abounds in references to these different forms of disguise, to the gap between what appears to be true and what really is. Viola calls disguise a ‘wickedness/Wherein the pregnant enemy does much’ when she realises that Olivia has fallen in love with her persona as Cesario. In the play’s moral scheme disguise or self-deception creates frustration and confusion. Antonio, for example, regrets the ‘devotion’, which Sebastian’s handsome features had inspired in him. Word- play is also a form of disguise and the numerous puns in the play reflect this theme on a linguistic level. The dramatic convention of disguise produces ambiguities of meaning and emotion throughout the play. So, to conclude, I would argue that in ‘Twelfth Night’ every character conceals and deceives, however, without doubt Viola’s concealment of her physical shape as a woman, and emotions for Orsino is essential to the plot and creates the comedy and confusion. How to cite Twelfth Night Coursework Assignment, Papers

Population Explosion free essay sample

From 1750 to 1900, the population of Britain dramatically increased from around 7 million to nearly 40 million people. The key question that is mainly discussed is: What was the main reason for this? I shall be studying the most likely causes for the mass increase in the population of Britain, and trying to determine which ones were more likely to trigger this ‘population explosion!’ Firstly, the majority of cities in Britain began to develop into cleaner and more hygienic areas to live in with fresh, dirt free water supplied to homes. This would have affected the growth of the population, because there would be fewer germs contaminating the air from dirt; raising the life expectancy. I think that this change would have made quite a big impact on the population of Britain, because if everyone was drinking clean water and living in tidier streets, then there were more people less likely to catch nasty bugs- contributing to the expansion of Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on Population Explosion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Leading on from the subject of hygiene, soap became more available (as well as feasible) for the people of Britain. The key result of this was that a significant amount of germs that were originally contaminating Britain were killed off-also raising the life expectancy. Additionally, the use of soap will have meant that births were cleaner, making babies were more likely to survive. With a similar idea to the cleaner cities, this made a large influence on Britain making it a strong partaker in the augmentation of Britain’s inhabitancy. In addition to the reasons outlined above, from 1750 onwards, midwives became more obtainable, since medical areas stepped up a level. The midwives were able to carry out cleaner births-linking in with the reasons for this defined above such as soap and hygiene- causing the chance of babies surviving births a great deal more likely. Furthermore, not just would the child survive, but it would be more probable that the mother would also live on. I believe that this change made a great effect on Britain’s population for the reason that there were more survivors. Combining with the idea of midwives decreasing death rate, as said above doctors and nurses dramatically improved in medicine and hygiene. For instance, medical operations involved anaesthetics to ensure that patients didn’t have to endure pain during or after each practical. This would have meant that less people would have died, increasing Britain’s life  expectancy. Although it has many factors to back it up, I do not believe that this cause deeply affected the population, since Britain had just become very clean and that increased the life expectancy more drastically. Continuing with the subject of the health of Britain, farmers managed to produce nutritional foods that gave the people the vitamins required to fight off diseases. Some of these foods included: Potatoes, carrots, peas and many more. Noticeably, this will have meant that more people lived longer due to the diets that they had. I consider that this was a huge reason for the increase in population of Britain, for the public were able to enjoy tasty foods that kept them healthy and less vulnerable to diseases. Maintaining the healthy diet image, during the mid-18th century, a tax was put on gin in the attempt to stop people drinking it. The reasons for this were, many parents were drinking a huge amount of gin and finding themselves with health issues, as well as neglecting their children (therefore leading to a short life.) It mostly worked subsequently highering the life expectancy and making people a lot healthier. I think that although this was a good idea, although it would not have greatly contributed towards triggering Britain’s population explosion. Now moving on to a completely different subject, from 1750-1900 many young lovers came around. This would have meant that there was longer to have children increasing the population. I don’t feel that this would have made a large impact on Britain because getting married young wouldn’t necessarily make you want to have kids but just give you time to have more. Despite my opinion in the above reason, during the industrial revolution, factories opened where children were forced to work for little pay. This would suggest that parents would want to have children to bring money into the family. However, I don’t think that this would have been a real incentive for couples to have children, making it less likely to have been a main cause for the growth of population in Britain. If it were to have been a true cause, then it would have meant more births but perhaps more deaths from accidents in the factories. Pursuing the subject of children, during the population explosion, a man named Edward Jenner invented a jab to make people immune to the disease smallpox. In 1870, this vaccination was made compulsory –this would have meant that people wou ld be healthier and less vulnerable to deathly  diseases. It could be considered that it would be a motivation to have kids if parents were worried before of losing their child. I believe that this was a key reason for the population explosion in Britain because it resulted in more births and an increased life expectancy. Tying in with the causes outlined above, children were provided with a much better education nearing the end of the 19th century. Clever kids managed to read the pamphlets describing a healthy diet meaning that people could live good lives eating and doing the right things. I think this would have been a reason for both a raised life expectancy and more kids because the midwives could learn how to complete a clean birth meaning more kids and that would raise the life expectancy. Lastly, a slightly surprising cause is that from 1750 onwards, cotton was used for clothes rather than other dirty materials which weren’t as easy to wash. This would have raised the life expectancy since there would be less germs going round from dirty clothes. I don’t feel that this was a big reason for the increase of population in Britain because if people were using soap and eating healthily then there would not be many germs else causing diseases. In conclusion, after studying the 11 reasons most commonly thought of as the triggering of the population explosion, I believe that although they all have key facts supporting them, the main reason for causing the population explosion was the improvement of hygiene and health; germs would have been the main reason for deaths of less births before the growth in population and preventing those germs spurred on the population explosion the most. Whatever you think happened is for you to determine!!